Economists vs Pediatricians
Unfortunately, many parents have mistakenly put their trust in the economists Steven Levitt & Stephen Dubner, co-authors of the popular book Freakonomics, rather than following the advice of pediatricians and the medical community when it comes to protecting their children in the car. In 2005 the Freakonomics authors wrote an article in the NYTimes Magazine entitled “The Seat-Belt Solution” which came to the sensational conclusion that “there is no evidence that car seats do a better job than seat belts in saving the lives of children older than 2.” But fatalities are just the tip of the iceberg; for every death there are 19 injuries requiring hospitalization (some leading to permanent disability) and 300 requiring medical attention.
While Dubner & Levitt have since “softened” their stance to say that “car seats are a little better…” than seat belts and advised parents “don’t throw out the car seats” The Car Seat Ladies feel like the damage has been done – and we want to try and undo it by providing you with the whole story. More people heard and remember the sensational message than Freakonomics’ weak efforts to bring their message more in line with what we know to be best practice. Therefore, we at The Car Seat Lady want to provide you with the evidence so that you can come to your own conclusions and make the best decisions regarding your child’s safety. As an interesting side note, both Dubner & Levitt admit to using car seats and boosters for their own children beyond the age of 2; they are willing to endanger the lives of other people’s children to sell their books, but aren’t willing to make their own children be the guinea pigs for their own misguided hypothesis.
Dr Dennis Durbin & Dr Flaura Winston are pediatricians at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and co-principal investigators for the Partners for Child Passenger Safety study, which is the largest study ever done of children in crashes. Drs Durbin & Winston both have public health degrees (which involves many courses in statistics). Dr. Winston also has a PhD in engineering. Data from this ongoing study has led to the publication of dozens of papers in some of the most highly regarded peer-reviewed medical journals including JAMA, Pediatrics, Archives of Pediatrics, Journal of Trauma, and Injury Prevention.
Drs Durbin & Winston wrote a letter to the editor in response to the 2005 NYTimes article.
Drs Durbin & Winston followed up this letter with an study published in the June 2006 issue of the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. This study was designed in direct response to Freakonomics’ conclusion that seat belts are equally effective as car seats/boosters at preventing death for kids 2-6 years of age. Drs Durbin & Winston’s study found that children who were using child restraints were 28 percent less likely to be killed in a crash than children who were wearing seat belts alone – or as Dr. Durbin explained “for every 100 children who were killed in a crash wearing only a seatbelt, 28 of them would have survived if they’d
been in a car seat or booster seat.”
In August 2008 Dubner & Levitt published their study concluding that seat belts are equally effective as child restraints for kids 2-6 in the journal Economic Inquiry. A quick survey of the archives of this journal uncovers such scientifically rigorous and groundbreaking studies as “Secret Santa Reveals the Secret Side of Giving” and “The Influence of Social Forces: Evidence from the Behavior of Football Referees“.
The data refuting the Freakonomics conclusion keeps coming in. A 2009 article from the Partners for Child Passenger Safety study published in Pediatrics showed that 4-8 year olds using boosters seats were 55% less likely to be injured in a crash than 4-8 year olds wearing seat belts alone – or said another way, for every 100 children injured in a crash wearing only a seat belt, 55 of them would have been injury-free if they’d been in a booster seat.
The Car Seat Lady feels that car seats (with a 5 point harness) are the best protection for kids until they are at least 4 years old AND at least 40 pounds (but with many seats offering the option of using the 5-point harness beyond 40 pounds we are in full support of this) – and boosters are the best protection for school age children until the vehicle’s seat belt fits them properly without the booster (i.e. when they can pass the 5-step test).